Notes
1. The history of modern Ireland has invested the term "Anglo-Irish" with profoundly nationalistic overtones that are anachronistic in the early modern period. In this essay, the term "Anglo-Irish" will refer simply to the English community in Ireland.
2. Aidan Clarke, The Old English in Ireland 1625-1642 (Ithaca: Cornell Uni

The colonial New English refused to acknowledge these differences in religion and culture that distinguished the Old English and Gaelic Irish communities. As articulate members of the Old English community asserted their civility and loyalty, the New English actively stripped them of both qualities. Nicholas Canny has shown that a dramatic rec

Sidney's colonization proposal of 1568, however, involved a larger commitment than the queen had anticipated: eight garrisons, with two thousand men, in Ulster alone. When Elizabeth withheld her support from so vast and costly an endeavor, Sidney pressed on with colonization by private enterprise. He enlisted as his subalterns landless adventure

Finglas' proposal for political reform involved the expansion of royal power within the Pale as a prelude to the reformation of the Irish lordship as a whole. "Furste, our Souveraigne Lorde the Kyng shuld extend his gracious power, for the Reformacion of Leinster which is the Key and highwaye for the Reformacion of the Remanent."(22) The poli

Catastrophic Dimensions
This essay's intent is to assess the relationship between the anti-Catholic legislation passed by the Irish parliament of 1613-1615 and the emergence of a distinct national identity in early modern Ireland. For almost four centuries, the royal administration in Ireland had distinguished between the Gaelic Irish p

2.4 Blue
It seems that blue is a favorable word to Chinese�the blue sky, as often as not, can arouse us to yearn for a better future; the blue sea full of uncertainty induces boundless imagination. Naturally, we take it for granted that the famous song Love is Blue equals a romantic love story. In Western culture, however, blue

Chapter 1
Does language shape culture or does culture shape language? In my view, language is a mirror, in front of which culture is reflected. As a student majoring in Chinese as a foreign language, I’d like to take this advantage to discuss the cultural differences between Chinese and English. In the following passage, I am going

3． 研究 方法 的客观 科学 化
科学 理论 或假说的验证，研究模式的 应用 和 分析 都必须借助于客观科学的研究方法和手段。科学研究方法是“科学群体共同遵守的原则、惯例和制度”，以此“评价知识”，发现和“鉴别真伪，鉴别优劣”。（严辰松，2000：14）。翻译不是神秘而无 规律 的“巫术”；翻译文本记录的是真实的语言交际事件，其中必然存在可以用科学方法进行观察和概括的规律和特征。但传统的研究方法“以思辨、内省、考据等方法居多”，存在着一些局限性：
在概念层次上做抽象议论的多，少有从实践中得来的第一手数据，少有量化的分析；如有统计数据，也只限于描述统计，仅有简单的百分数等统计量，缺乏追根溯源、探究因果承袭的深入讨论（同上：前言）。

摘 要： 范式不仅是 科学 成就的模式，同时又为 研究 活动制定指导原则；西方翻译研究的 理论 突破往往伴随着范式的变迁。本文简要回顾西方翻译研究的 发展 轨迹， 分析 中国 传统译学的局限，提出中国译学研究迫切需要研究范式的转型：扩大研究视线，引进多样化的研究模式，探索客观科学的研究 方法 和手段。
关键词： 翻译研究；范式；研究模式；方法论
Abstract: A paradigm is a model of scientific achievement and sets guidelines for research; the breakthroughs in western translation studies have always bee

据许渊冲说，“第二种译文在和第一种竞赛，每行仅八字，更加精练；译文两行一韵，虽不音似、形似，却有音美、形美。总起来说，第一种译文求似、求真；第二种译文求美。”
显然，第二种译文是根据第一种改写而成，因为与原文关系不大，但是没有第一种就不会有第二种，如果不是穆旦使用了“含有温情”，许渊冲会用“含情”去译kind？朱维基便译之为“和善”；穆旦不译“却轻轻地一捏”，许就不会译“却又轻轻地一捏”，然后再硬添一个“唉”以为上一行末的“来”字勉强凑韵，而创造有别于原作韵式的“音美”。
至于“精练”，不考虑能否再现原作就说每行八字是“精练”，岂不荒唐！如果再压缩成三字经：“朱丽亚/小手颤/抽出来/轻轻捏/心神醉/是个谜”，岂不更加“精练”？但明明是“And sli

摘要：“新世纪的新译论”认为文学翻译“是两种语言、甚至是两种文化之间的竞赛”，主张文学翻译“但求意（神）似，不求形似”、“为了求美，不妨失真”，既与一般翻译工作的本质属性不符，更和文学作为语言 艺术 的 规律 性特点相抵触，因而在 理论 上难以自圆其说，在实践中导致有害的结果。
关键词：形似；神似；音美；形美；忠实
Abstract: This paper puts forth the view that the central argument of “A new translation theory for the new century” should be refuted. Literary translation should never

Jane was the most mild, kind and modest girl in this novel. Her character is vividly showed in many parts of the novel. “Compliments always take you (Jane) by surprise, and me (Elizabeth) never” and “ Oh, You (Jane) are a great deal too apt you know, to like people in general, you never see a fault in any body, all the world are too good and agr

The sis sentence: Jane Austen, by describing four different marriages in Pride and Prejudice, expressed her viewpoint that one’s character often reflects his or her marriage and attitudes towards love.
The combination of vulgar Collins and mediocre Charlotte results in a despicable marriage.
Collins is a vulgar, pompous and rapacio

[摘要]基于不同文化的各种语言往往有着不同的组句成篇方式，翻译就是由原语语篇引发的译语语篇生成的过程，这个过程不仅仅涉及符号的转换，同时也涉及逻辑关系的转换和连贯结构重构的过程。就语篇连贯而言，译者须首先认清原文的语义层次和逻辑脉络，因为翻译过程不仅仅是一种符号的转换过程，也是逻辑关系的转换和连贯结构重构的过程，从根本上说，这是一种思维转换过程；作为翻译工作者，在考虑两种语言的转换之前，应首先考虑的是目的语民族深层次的思维方式、价值观和审美观。译者应有用目的语写作的能力 ，能建构出符合译文受者思维方式及表达习惯的语篇结构，使译文受者与原文受者做出一致的反应； 英语 修辞中常用句法形式来显示语义层次，因此对英语句子进行宏观上的 分析 ，分析它意义层次表达的方式等修辞 问题 ，对语篇建构是

摘要 使用修辞格是为了使语言更加生动形象，鲜明突出，加强语言表现力和感染力。本文从正确运用 英语 修辞格及对比 分析 英汉语言在修辞格式上的异同入手，浅谈如何在忠实表达原文的基础上，正确翻译和理解英语的修辞格，并介绍英语修辞格在翻译方面的基本原则及 方法 。
关键词 英语修辞格 翻译 运用
语言是表达思想的工具，修辞则是语言表达的 艺术 。使用修辞格的目的是为了使语言更加生动形象、鲜明突出；或者使语言更加整齐匀称，音调铿锵，加强语言表现力和感染力，引起读者丰富联想的效果。英语和汉语都有悠久的 历史 ，也都具有非常丰富的修辞方式。由于东、西方民族文化背景的不同，英汉语言在修辞格式上显然存在着既相一致又有区别的特点。认识并了解英