我们在 英语 教学实践过程中经常发现：许多学生对语言知识掌握得较好，但是运用英语进行交际的能力比较薄弱，主要表现在三方面：1、只会用单个的词或短语来表达自己的意思，而不会用完整的语句来表述。2、学生 学习 了一些习惯用语和句型后，不会根据实际情景灵活运用，经常会出现不用、错用、滥用现象。3、学生不善于根据已有的语言材料结合实际进行重新改编，而往往拘泥于现成的、书本上的 内容 ，不能结合实际拓展、发挥、创新，综合运用英语的能力还相当薄弱。
那么怎样才能真正培养学生综合运用语言的能力呢？《英语新课程标准》对基础 教育 阶段英语课程的任务作了明确的阐述，特别指出“激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣，使学生树立自信心，养成良好的学习习惯和形成有效的学习策略， 发展 自主学

摘要：本文正如标题所示，既是对新格赖斯含义 理论 （Leech 1983、Horn 1984、Levinson 1987、Sperber和Wilson 1986/2001）的综观，又建立起笔者自己的“言语合作性的语用标记关联模式”（PMRM）。§3讨论了CP、PMRM和其他语用原则的关系，分别对礼貌原则、Horn的2原则、Levinson的3原则和S & W的1原则进行了“PMRM考察”，最后提出保留各家理论的合理且具有解释力的成分，再把这个语用混合物置于PMRM的框架中，以完善新老格赖斯主义对交际的解释。
关键词：标记；CP；PP；RT；原则；合适；心力

中文摘要
在任何一个 社会 中，总有些不能直截了当说出来的话。在人们交际的过程中，有些词语使人尴尬，惹人不快，招人讨厌或令人害怕，如果直接表达出来会给人一种粗俗、轻浮、无礼的印象。因此在一些场合为了避免难堪，或减轻对人的感情伤害，人们创造了委婉语。在西方社会文化生活中，在很多领域，人们广泛地使用着委婉语，这和世界上多数地区是一样的。本文介绍了委婉语同禁忌语的关系，委婉语对语境的依赖性，着重介绍了 英语 委婉语的特点及在各个领域的 应用 ，并探讨了人们使用这些委婉语的原因。
关键词：英语委婉语；禁忌语；语境；特点；应用
Abstract
  In every society there are cert

摘要 
委婉语是人类使用语言过程中的一种普遍现象。它不仅是一种 社会 语言现象,更是一种文化现象。不管是在日常生活还是在涉外交际中，我们都要进行语言交流。由于某些生活习惯或习俗差异，以及不同文化背景的社会具有不同的忌讳，这时我们就必须学会使用委婉语以避免尴尬或不愉快。所以本文从语言学的角度，试图通过具体的例子来探究在特定的语言环境下 英语 委婉语的交际功能。只有认知委婉语在不同背景、不同环境下的使用方式，才能够调整好礼貌程度，从而把给对方的伤害降到最低限度，达到成功的交际目的。委婉语可以反映出各种各样的社会心理,从而也体现出了委婉语的各种社会交际功能。委婉语在各个领域都有广泛的 应用 ，对于我们学好英语，进行有效的跨文化交际有很大的帮助。 
关

Abstract：This paper begins with an introduction to mobile-based short massage, or SM for short. Although the arrival of SM brings convenience and happiness to people’s life, the characteristics of SM language result in its vulnerability to misunderstanding. From a linguistic perspective, factors responsible for

[Abstract] Proverbs are the cream of a language. The y reflect the relationship between language and culture. Human beings’ common social activities are in many aspects similar, so English and Chinese proverbs have similarities. Because of the cultural differences, English and Chinese proverbs have differences in their detailed contents. The autho

摘  要：语言交际是人类赖以维系 社会 和人际关系的重要手段，委婉语的使用有效避免了引起交际双方的不快从而损害双方的关系，本文从委婉语的 应用 出发，着重探讨了委婉语的避讳功能、礼貌功能、避俗功能、掩饰功能、劝诱功能，这将有助于我们在跨文化交际中更加自觉和准确地使用语言。
关键词：委婉语、避讳、避俗、礼貌、掩饰、劝诱
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