(4)、同一个汉字的通名有多种英译法,根据其意义的不同有多种不同译义,在大多数情况下,这些英译词不能互相代换。例如:“山”
1)mount:峨眉山 Mount Emei、黄山 MountHuangshan 、泰山 Mount Taishan 、庐山Mount Lushan
2)mountain:五台山Wutai Mountain、青城山 Qingcheng Mountain
3)hill:(广西桂林)象鼻山the Elephant Hill
4)island:(香港)大屿山Lantau Island
5)rock:(香港)狮子山Lion Rock
6)peak:(香港)拉旗山Victoria Peak
7)range:念青唐古拉山the Nyainqentanglha Range
“海”
1)sea:东海,the East Sea
2)lake(四川西昌)邛海the Qionghai Lake
3)horbour:(香港)大滩海Long Harbour
4)port:(香港)牛尾海Port Shelter
5)forest:(四川长岭) 蜀南竹海the Bamboo Forest in Southern Sichuan
“石刻”
1)Grottoes :大足石刻 Dazu Grottoes 、龙门石刻Longmen Grottoes ofLuoyang 、敦煌石刻Grottoes of Dunhuang
2)carvings: cliff-carvings摩像
(5)、景点名的意译:充分考虑其性质、地理位置等语境。如:长城 The Great Wall 、故宫
Imperial palace、颐和园Summer Palace 、苏州园林Classical gardens of Suzhou、海上花园(厦门)Flower Garden by the Sea 、海上仙山(长山列岛)Fairyland on the Sea。
(6)、景点名的音译+释义:天涯海角和鹿回头风景点 Tianya-Haijiao (the end of earth and the edge of the sea) And Luhutou (turn-round Deer)scenic spots 、花港观鱼Hua Gang Guan Yu (view fish at the flower harbor)。
7、景点名的增译,适当增加字面信息,如:林文忠祀祠Memorial Hall of Lin Zexu 、孔府Manor of Confucius' Descendants 、文房四宝the Chinese stationary treasures of the Chinese study, including brush, ink stick, ink stone and paper.。
4、饮食文化的翻译
我国由于 历史 和地域的不同,形成众多菜系及佳,代写医学论文在翻译时充分考虑它的中、西文化差异、其原料成份及烹调 方法 等[7]。
(1)、直译:烹饪方法+原料名如:清真桂鱼Steamed Mandarin Fish 、回锅肉Twice-cooked Pork、炖牛肉Stewed Beef 。
(2)、音译+释义如:饺子Jiaozi (Chinese-style Ravioli) 、包子Baozi (Stuffed Bun) 、锅贴Guotie (Pot Stickers)。
(3)、意译+释义:全家福 Happy Family---A combination of shrimps, pork beef, chicken, lobster and mixed vegetables with brown sauce 、左宗鸡General Tso' Chicken---A mouth watering dish made with large chunks of marinated chicken, sauted with scorched red chili peppers in special, tangy sauce。
(4)、音译+意译:稳得福酒楼 Wonderful Restaurant、麻婆豆腐 Bean Curd Sichuan Style、西菀饭店 Xiyuan Hotel。
(5)、意译:红烧狮子头Braised Met Ballswith Brawn Sauce、龙虎凤大烩Thick Soup of Snake, Cat and Chicken、红茶Black Tea、棕子Pyramid -shaped Dumpling 、冰糖燕窝 A bird Nest Soup with Rock Sugar。
5、 旅游 资料图片说明文字的翻译[8]
旅游资料的图片具有形式简洁, 内容 明了,信息翔实,宣传生动的特点,其说明文字的翻译技巧如下:
(1)、一般采用 英语 的词、词组或短语来译。
1)、用名词、名词性短语、名词和介词短语如:北京故宫舞门The Meridian of the Imperial Palace in Peking 、风光如画的湖南张家界The Picturesque Zhangjiajie Hunan Province、重庆夜景Chongqing in spot lights。
2)、分词短语 如:新建的集佛教,旅游,文化为一体的观光渡假区A newly-built sightseeing and holiday-making zone integrated with Buddhist features cultural facilities and tourism services。
(2)、根据图片内容,选择改译、直译、意译或加注;如:蓉城新姿 new looks of Chengdu、厦门一瞥Xiamen / A corner of Xiamen /A bird's eye view of Xiamen、七仙岭温泉(海南省温度最高、泉眼最多的温泉) The Seven Fairy Maidens Spa (with the hottest temperature and the largest number of springs) in Hainan。天府之国(四川) the land of Plenty or a heavenly kingdom, 人间天堂(西湖)Paradise on Earth。
6、句与篇章
(1)、直译,完全保留汉语的指称意义和句子言内意义,求得内容与形式相符的方法。 如:芦笛岩是桂林最精彩的岩洞。ReedFluteCave is the most magnificent of all in . 仁者乐山,智者乐水。the benevolent love mountains and the knowledgeable love water. 上有天堂,下有苏杭。Above is paradise, below are Suzhou and Hangzhou . In heaven is paradise, on earth are Suzhou and Hangzhou . 五岳归来不看山,黄山归来不看岳。Trips to 's five great mountains render trips to other mountains unnecessary, and a trip to Huangshan renders trips to the five great mountains unnecessary. 举头望明月,低头思故乡。Looking up, I see the Bright moon; hanging down my head, I feel nostalgic. Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia come around.
(2 )、直译、意译并把汉语的并列句译为复杂句,使译文简练、活泼。如:天涯海角:海天一色,居石雄踞,墨守纷趁呈,是富有传奇色彩的名神古迹 The sea and the sky merging on the horizon ,the huge rocks here ,with exquisite calligraphic pieces by past masters ,are full of legends and traditions. 古树摇曳春秋,山花自谢自开,植被茸茸生烟。Aged trees wave the seasons by, amid carpets of wild flowers and thick green vegetation,用一状语突出植被葱绿,山花烂漫,树苍劲。杭州的龙井茶是 中国 茶之上品,必须用老虎泉的水,才能泡出最香醇的味道。Hangzhou's Longging Tea, the best of 's green tea, requiring the water from the Tiger Spring to bring out its most fragrant flavor and delicious taste.
(3)、删减和改写,适当压缩字面信息,提炼原文的主要信息。如:奇特秀丽的海景、山景和石景,海山相连,相得益彰,蔚为奇观Wonders of nature-hills, the sea and rocks present a splendid sight. 团结湖北京考鸭店为全聚徳挂炉烤呀。为保证宾客品尝精美风味,全部现吃现烤。精纯北京白鸭,以果木挂炉制,只需40分钟就能品尝到为你特别烤制的色泽枣红,香酥脆嫰,浓香四益的正宗烤鸭 Tuanjiehu Beijing Roast Duck Restaurant uses only the finest Beijing Ducks which are only roasted after you place your order. Preparation takes 40 minutes after which we will serve you with a delicious, golden red Beijing Duck with crunchy skin.
(4)、分译含有多层意思的汉语长句,使关系更清晰,更符合英语表达。如:漫步山间时,听得四处竹林间的淙淙泉声,众多的细泉汇成一条狭长而深邃的小溪,顺山势而下,及至悬崖处,猛然跌落二三丈,形成一瀑布,水珠飞溅,凉透肌肤。 Strolling along the path you can hear springs singing everywhere in the bamboo forest. Several little springs assemble into a narrow but deep little river running along the mountainside Meeting a small cliff, it falls down two or three feet with drops, splashing and forming a thin water curtain which gently covers your skin[9].
(5)、音译、释义结合,译出其蕴藏义。如:⋯⋯还有传说中的白鹤泉和笑啼崖。⋯⋯there are legendary Beihe (white crane) spring and Xiaoti (laugh and cry) cliff.
(6)、增译:对句中碍于理解的关键人物或事情作补充解释其相关背景资料。如:听说苏东坡曾在冰泉上“书扇判案”。Su Dongpo is said to have handled a court case in the cold spring for the owner of a fan shop, for Su was a famous painter, calligrapher, as well as a poet.
(7)、编译:对原文做较大的调整,只求译文大致起着原文效果。如:杨贵妃名叫杨玉环,唐开元年间人,是州司户杨玄炎的后代,相传她出生时,左臂上隐有“太真”二字。古名“玉环”。天生丽质姿容绝艳,涕泪好似红冰,沁汗尤如香玉,容貌之美到了回眸一笑百媚生,六宫粉黛无颜色的程度。Yang Gui Fei (719-756) before she became an imperial consort, was Yang Yuhuan, a daughter of local official in Sichuan in the Tang Dynasty. She grew up to be a rare beauty.
(8)、类比:对于外国游客不了解的相关知识,采用英语文化中相似的内容来译。如:中国的春节和西方国家的圣诞节一样,是一年中最重要的节日,是合家团聚的时候。Like Christmas in the west, the Spring Festival is 's most important one in a year and also the time for all the members of the family to get together. 济公抢劫福济穷,深受穷人喜欢。Jigong, Robin Hood in China, robbed the rich and helped the poor, he was loved deeply by the poor.翻译工作者在翻译时应该深究原文, 分析 它的中、西语言文化差异,灵活运用各种翻译技巧,恰当翻译旅游资料,代写职称论文招揽游客,促进国、内外旅游业的勃勃 发展 。相信随着中国改革开放政策的进一步深化和国际地位的提高,会有越来越多的外国游客首先通过旅游来了解中国,中国旅游资料的汉英翻译将会成为日益重要的领域,以上仅我之略见。
参考 文献
[1]李小川. 实用英语口语教程[M]:重庆大学出版社2002年,第3- 4页。
[2]张维友. 英语词汇学[M]:北京外语教学与 研究 出版社2000年,第 90页。
[3]陈宏微 . 汉英翻译基础[M]:上海外语 教育 出版社1998年,第55页。
[4]朱虹. 文学翻译:中译英琐谈[J]. 读书,1997年第4期第130页。
[5]张林 . 旅游资料翻译反映出的文化因素[J],中国翻译. 2000 年第5期第51页。
[6]中国翻译网:“浅谈中国地名的英译”。
[7]任津升. 进一步谈谈中国菜的英译[J],中国翻译. 2001 年第6期第56页。
[8]常玉天. 图片资料的英译[J],中国翻译.2000年第6期第 15页。
[9]陈宏微. 汉英翻译基础[M]:上海外语教育出版社,第168-188-214页。




